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liillVlAi,    INQUIKI    LMTu  TH' 
Dr±ahii    TuMENTuSi   OF  LILiLiA&US 


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Columbia  (Bmtem'tp 

inttieCttpof^mgorb 

College  of  $f)3*tctana  anb  gmrgeona 

Utorarp 


Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 

in  2011  with  funding  from 

Open  Knowledge  Commons 


http://www.archive.org/details/experimentalinquOOmead 


AN 

EXPERIMENTAL  INQUIRY 

INTO  THE 

BOTANICAL  HISTORY,  CHEMICAL  PROPERTIES, 
AND  MEDICINAL  VIRTUES, 

or   THE 
OF 

LINNiEUS- 

SUBMITTED  AS  AN  INAUGURAL  ESSAY  TO   THE  PUBLIC    EXAMI" 

NATION    OF     THE    TRUSTEES    AND     PROFESSORS    OF 

THE    COLLEGE  OF  PHYSICIANS    AND    SURGEONS 

IN    THE    STATE    OF    NEW-YORK. 

SAMUEL  BARD,  M.D.  President, 

FOR    THE 

DEGREE  OF  DOCTOR  OF  MEDICINE, 

ON    THE    2d    OF    APRIL,    1821. 


BY  ELIJAH  MEAD. 


NEW-YORK: 

PRINTED    BY    WILLIAM    A.    MKRCEIN- 

JNo.  93,  Gold-Strepf. 


1821 


7, 


H 


TO 

ANSEL  W.  IVES,  M.D. 

Sir, 

Having  commenced  and  prosecu- 
ted my  medical  education  under  your  direc- 
tion, permit  me  to  dedicate  to  you  this  Essay 
as  a  tribute  of  respect  and  gratitude  for  your 
private  friendship  and  professional  instruc- 
tion. 

E.  MEAD. 


TO 


GIDEON  BARSTOW,  ESQ, 

(SALEM,  MASS.) 


THIS 

INAUGURAL  DISSERTATION 

IS 

INSCRIBED 

AS 

A  TESTIMONY  OF  RESPECT  AND  ESTEEM, 

BY    HIS 

SINCERE  FRIEND, 

THE  AUTHOR- 


imf&©& 


The  introduction  of  a  new  medicine  into  general  use,  is  ne- 
cessarily slow,  as  its  reputation  must  be  acquired  and  maintain 
ed  by  the  test  of  experience.  Many  remedies,  which  are  now 
universally  regarded,  as  among  the  most  estimable  in  the  Materia 
Medica,  were  doomed  to  serve  in  subordination,  while  the  pro- 
cess of  practical  experiment  was  demonstrating  their  efficacy, 
and  their  claim  to  the  character  which  they    have  obtained. 

Many  of  our  indigenous  plants  have  of  late  received  con- 
siderable attention,  and  some  have  proved  important  acquisitions 
to  the  resources  of  the  physician  ;  others,  which  were  no  less 
extolled  for  their  virtues,  have  scarcely  survived  the  eulogy  of 
their  discoverers.  In  the  present  state  of  medical  science,  it  is 
to  be  expected,  that  whatever  new  may  be  offered  on  this  sub- 
ject, and  however  plausibly  it  may  be  urged,  will  be  received 
with  little  confidence,  unless  supported  by  authority  that  can- 
not be  questioned.  But  notwithstanding  this  professional  scep- 
ticism, the  subject  of  this  inquiry  is  one,  which  is  confidently 
believed  will,  ultimately,  be  regarded  as  a  valuable  auxiliary  to 
the  astringents  already  in  use.  The  plant  possesses  efficient 
and  valuable  medicinal  properties,  and  independent  of  the  wri- 
ter's feeble  testimony, he  is  persuaded  that  it  must  sooner  or  later 
excite  general  notice.  It  may  be  said,  that  our  present  cata. 
logue  of  medicines  is  already  sufficiently  extensive,  and  that  we 
had  better  perfect  our  knowledge  of  those  in  present  use,  than 
extend  it  to  others,  the  virtues  of  which  are  yet  to  be  investi- 
gated. There  are,  benefits  however,  to  be  derived  from  having 
several  medicines,  possessing  very  similar  properties  ;  as  a 
slight  modification  of  a  disease  requires  a  variation  in  prescrip- 
tion :  it  is  easy  for  instance,  to  determine  when  the  condition  of 
the  patient  indicates  the  use  of  tonics;  but  discrimination  is  often 
required  to  select  the  one,  which  shall  be  best  adapted  to  the 
nature  of  the  disease.  There  is  a  great  advantage  in  substitu- 
ting articles  of  domestic  origin,   of  equal  utility,  for  those  ob- 


PREFACE. 

tained  by  importation  ;  I  only  need  mention  the  evils  which,  in 
the  latter  case,  result  from  adulteration.  From  the  richness  of 
our  own  country  in  the  several  departments  of  natural  history* 
and  the  zeal  with  which  this  science  has  of  late  years  been  pro- 
secuted, we  may  indulge  the  hope,  that  we  shall  be,  ere  long,  as 
independent  in  our  supplies  in  sickness,  as  we  now  are  in  health. 


It  will  not  be  expected  that  my  opportunities,  during  the 
prosecution  of  my  medical  studies,  could  have  been  very  exten- 
sive in  testing  the  efficacy  of  a  new  medicine  in  the  cure  of 
diseases.  In  treating,  therefore,  of  the  medicinal  powers  of  the 
Spiraea  Tomentosa,  I  shall  give  the  experience  and  observations 
of  several  gentlemen,  who  are  among  the  most  eminent  in  the 
profession.  Their  kindness  to  me  in  this  respect  has  been  such, 
that  I  wish  thus  publicly  to  return  my  most  grateful  acknow- 
ledgments ;  and  I  hope  they  will  have  the  satisfaction  not  only 
of  conferring  a  favour  upon  an  individual,  but  of  rendering 
through  him,  at  the  same  time,  an  essential  service  to  the  pro- 
fession. 


MS&BRVA'SniOE 


ON    THE 


shpihr  jb&  is®mBSflf<$>®&< 


'9 

OF 

LIJYJYjEUS. 


BOTANICAL  HISTORY. 

The  Genus  Spircea  has  long  attracted  the  attention  of 
botanists,  for  the  number  and  beauty  of  its  species.  The 
Genus  is  composed  of  woody  and  herbaceous  plants, 
consisting  of  many  ornamental  flowering  shrubs,  and  florif- 
erous  herbaceous  perennials,  all  of  hardy  temperament. 
The  several  species  are  adorned  with  spear  shaped,  penna- 
ted,  tri-foliate, decompound  leaves,  and  terminated  by  spikes 
or  clusters  of  pentapetalous  flowers. — (Mawe's  Univer. 
Gard.  and  Bart,) 

They  are  for  the  most  part  habitants  of  the  colder  re- 
gions of  the  north  of  Europe,  Ma,  and  America.  Nut- 
tall  remarks,  that  this  genus  is  almost  equally  divided  be- 
tween this  country  and  Siberia. 

The  term  Spirrea  seems  to  have  been  borrowed  from 
Theophrastus,  whose  £*«p<wa  is  supposed  to  be  one  of  the 
species  of  this  pretty  genus.     Most  botanists,  however,  re* 


10 

fer  it  to  the  Spiraton  of  Pliny,  (from  2/t«^a,  a  rope,)  these 

hrubs  being  slender  and  flexible.  Linnjeus  described  thir- 

een  species  ;  fourteen  have  since  been  added  to  the  genus, 

making  twenty-seven,  thirteen  of  which,    as  far  as  I  have 

been  able  to  learn,  are  natives  of  America. 

Moench  proposed,  some  time  since,  to  form  seve- 
ral of  these  species  into  a  new  genus,  under  the  name  of 
Gallenia  ;  which  genus  has  recently  been  adopted  by  Bar- 
ton and  Nuttall,  who  include  two  North  American  spe- 
cies, viz.  trifoliata  and  stipulacea.  The  propriety  of  this 
arrangement,  however,  is  questionable. 

The  species  tomerUosa,  which  I  have  chosen  as  the  sub- 
ject of  the  following  remarks,  is  a  hardy  perennial  plant,  pe- 
culiar to  this  country.  The  beauty  of  its  foliage  and  the  ele- 
gance of  its  flowers,  attracted  the  notice  of  that  distin- 
guished Florist,  P.  Collinson,  Esq.  who,  in  1736,  intro- 
duced it  into  England,  where  it  is  now  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens and  pleasure  grounds  as  an  ornamental  shrub.* 

The  Spiraea  belongs  to  Class  XII.  Icosandria,  and  Order 
IV.  Pentagynia,  of  the  sexual  system  of  Linnjsus  ;  and  to 
the  Natural  Order  Rosacea  of  Mon.  Jussieu.  The  follow- 
ing general  character  is  given  by  Linnjeus.  (Gen.  p.  862.) 
Cal.    Perianthum   monophyllum,    semiquinquefidum,    basi 

planum  ;  laciniis  acutis,  persistens. 
Cor.  Petala  quinque, — calyci  inserta,  oblonga,  rotundata. 
Stam.  Filamenta  viginti   plura,  filiformia,  corolla  breviora, 

calyci  inserta.  Anthem  subrotundse. 
Pis.  Germina  quinque  seu  plura  ;  styli  totidem  filiformes, 

longitudine  staminum.     Stigmata  capitata. 
Per.    Capsular  oblongas,   acuminata?,  compressag,  bivalves. 
Sem.  Pauca,  acuminata,  parva. 

The  Spirasa  tomentosa  is  found  in  abundance  through- 
out most  parts  of  the  United  States^  Pursh  speaks  of  this 
species  as  growing  in  Canada,  upon  the  Alleghany  Moun- 
tains, and  from  New-York  to  Carolina.     The  following  is 

*  Likewise  in  the  garden  of  the  King  of  France,  as  marked  in  the  Cata- 
logue by  Desfontaines.  P.  206 


11 

his  amendment  of  Willdenow's  specific  description. — Fo- 
His  lanceolatis,  in&qualiter  serralis,  suhtus  tomentosis ; 
racemo  terminali,  composito,  confertifioro,  fioribus  b-gynis* 
This  plant  is  generally  known  through  the  country  by  some 
one  of  the  following  names,  viz.  Steeple  bush,  Hardhack, 
Downy  Spiroza,  or  Scarlet  Spircea.  I  have  seen  it  in  great 
abundance  in  the  low  grounds  of  Massachusetts.  It  arises  in 
many  thickly-set  branches  from  the  same  root,  and  grows 
to  the  height  of  from  three  to  four  feet.  It  flowers  in 
July  and  August,  and  often  gives  a  scarlet  hue  to  widely  ex- 
tended pastures.  Dr.  Bigelow  speaks  of  it  as  very  com- 
mon in  the  environs  of  Boston,  and  known  for  having 
the  dried  tops  of  the  last  year's  fructification  conspicuous 
among  its  purple  flowers  ;  the  leaves  nearly  oval,  thick  and 
tough,  dark  green  above,  whitish,  downy  underneath  ;  flow. 
ers  small,  blue,  inclining  to  purple,  in  long  conical  branches 
on  the  ends  of  the  stems. 

Professor  Ives,  of  Yale  College,  informs  me  that  he  has 
often  gathered  it  for  medicinal  use  in  the  low  grounds  in 
the  vicinity  of  New-Haven.  Dr.  Torrey,  of  New- York, 
tells  me  he  has  seen  it  at  Weehawk,  and  found  it  more 
abundantly  in  the  low  lands  of  New- Jersey. 

The  S.  tomentosa  is  often  found  growing  with  the  S. 
salicifolia,  to  which  it  bears  considerable  resemblance. 
The  following  distinction  is  given :  the  tomentosa  differs 
from  the  salicifolia,  in  having  the  leaves  more  deeply  and 
unequally  serrate,  tomenlose  beneath  ;  the  terminating 
compound  racemes  closer  and  longer;  the  flowers  of  a 
deeper  red,  and  eight  times  smaller;  the  fruit  villose.  The 
stalks  are  slender,  and  branch  out  near  the  ground ;  they 
have  purple  bark  covered  with  a  gray  mealy  down  ;  leaves 
smaller  than  those  of  the  salicifolia,  downy  and  veined  on 
the  under  side,  but  of  a  dark  green  above.  Branches  ter- 
minated by  thick  racemes  of  flowers,  branched  towards 
^he  bottom  into  small  spikes. — (Mart.  Mill.) 

CHEMICAL  PROPERTIES. 
Before  I  speak  of  the  medicinal  virtues  of  the  Spirasa 


n 

tomentosa,  I  sliall  make  a  brief  inquiry  into  its  chemical 
properties.  In  the  following  analysis,  the  experiments  are 
designedly  restricted  to  those  only  which  illustrate  the 
most  important  proximate  principles  of  the  plant,  the  bes^ 
means  by  which  its  virtues  may  be  procured,  and  the  most 
eligible  forms  in  which  it  may  be  exhibited  as  a  medicine* 

Experiment    I. 

Four  drachms  of  the  roots,  stems  and  leaves  of  the 
plant,  properly  prepared,  were  severally  boiled  in  eight 
ounces  of  distilled  water;  after  boiling  to  half  the  quan- 
tity, the  respective  decoctions  were  strained,and  the  evapo- 
ration completed  in  a  sand  bath.  The  roots  yielded  seven 
grains  of  extract,  which  possessed  considerable  tenacity ; 
1t  was  of  a  dark  purple  colour  inclining  to  red  ;  its  taste  was 
pleasantly  astringent  and  slightly  aromatic.  The  extract 
from  the  stems  weighed  eight  grains,  and  only  differed  from 
the  last  in  being  a  little  more  astringent  and  less  aromatic. 
From  the  decoction  prepared  from  the  leaves,  forty-eight 
grains  of  a  very  pure  and  elegant  extract  were  obtained. 
When  warm,  this  extract  was  so  cohesive,  that  it  could  be 
drawn  out  to  the  length  of  several  feet  ;  when  spread 
into  thin  laminas,  it  transmitted  a  beautiful  deep  red  light. 
In  this  state  it  was  easily  moulded  into  pills  :  but  when 
cold,  it  was  nearly  as  brittle  as  Kino,  and  more  dense  than 
this  substance, exposing,  when  fractured,  brilliant,  even  sur- 
faces. It  was  actively  astringent,  and  considerably,  though 
pleasantly,  bitter  to  the  taste. 

Experiment  II. 

Equal  quantities  of  the  bruised  roots,  chipped  stems  and 
dried  leaves,  were  separately  digested  six  days  in  al- 
cohol. The  alcohol  upon  the  roots  and  stalks  imbibed 
their  colouring  matter;  that  upon  the  former  being  slight- 
ly discoloured,  while  that  upon  the  latter  was  changed  to 
a  light  green,  resembling  in  colour  the  woody  fibres  in  the 


13 

recent  state  ;   otherwise,  neither  indicated  any  of  the  sen- 
sible properties  of  the  plant. 

The  alcohol  in  which  the  leaves  were  digested, 
soon  assumed  a  dark  green  colour,  and  a  slightly  astrin- 
gent taste.  By  evaporation,  it  yielded  an  inconsiderable 
quantity  of  extract,  less  pure  than  that  obtained  in  the  last 
experiment.  It  was  of  a  dark  green  colour,  and  of  an  un- 
pleasant styptic  taste.  These  alcoholic  tinctures  were  not 
rendered  turbid,  or   changed  by  the  admixture  of  water. 

Experiment  III. 

A  strong  filtrated  decoction  of  the  leaves,  prepared  with 
distilled  water,  was  submitted  to  the  following  re-agents. 

a  When  a  solution  of  Animal  Gelatin  was  gradually 
added  to  a  portion  of  the  fluid,  there  ensued  a  copious  ash 
coloured  precipitate ;  which,  after  standing  a  few  hours, 
became  dense,   leaving  the  supernatant  fluid  transparent, 
and  almost  colourless. 

b  With  the  Muriate  of  Tin,  there  was  a  dense,  yellow 
precipitate. 

c  When  a  solution  of  the  Acetate  of  Lead  was  added, 
there  was  a  copious  gelatinous  precipitate. 

d  The  Nitrate  of  Silver  gave  a  curdy  brown  precipi- 
tate. 

e  The  Sulphate  of  Alumine  caused  a  flocculent  pre- 
cipitate. 

/  A  solution  of  the  Salts  of  Iron  changed  the  fluid  to  a 
dark  colour  ;  and  after  standing  some  time,  there  was  a  co- 
pious dark  green  precipitate. 

g  With  the  Nitrate  of  Lime,  a  light  brown  precipitate. 

h  A  delicate  fawn-coloured  precipitate  was  exhibited 
by  the  Sulpuric  and  Muriatic  Acids. 

i  No  immediate  change  ensued  by  the  addition  of  the 
Carbonate,  or  the  Siliciate  of  Potass. 

7c  Alcohol  and  Ether  induced  no  change. 

I  No  change  by  the  Vegetable  blues. 


24 


Experiment  IV, 


Three  drachms  of  the  leaves  of  the  Spiraea  were  infused 
in  six  ounces  of  distilled  water;  this  infusion  was  clear? 
resembling  in  colour  Madeira  wine,  and  exhibited  to  the 
taste  the  peculiar  bitter  and  astringent  properties  of  the 
plant.  It  was  subjected  to  the  same  series  of  re-agents? 
as  was  the  decoction  in  the  last  experiment,  and  with  the 
same  results,  except  that  the  several  changes  induced  were 
less  conspicuous.  Three  drachms  of  the  infused  leaves 
yielded,  by  evaporation,  eighteen  grains  of  extract,  which 
was  more  bitter  and  less  astringent  than  that  obtained  by 
boiling. 

Experiment  V. 

One  drachm  of  the  flowers  and  fruit  of  the  Spiraea  was 
infused  in  three  ounces  of  boiling  water. — This  infusion 
was  pleasant  to  the  taste,  resembling  very  much  a  strong 
infusion  of  Bohea  Tea,  but  its  sensible  properties  were  not 
so  peculiar  as  to  indicate  the  presence  of  any  medicinal 
virtue,  which  does  not  exist  in  greater  abundance  in  the 
other  parts  of  the  plant :  it  was  not  thought  necessary,  there- 
fore, to  subject  it  to  a  series  of  chemical  tests. 

Experiment  VI. 

Three  drachms  of  the  leaves  were  boiled  in  six  ounces 
of  pure  water,  until  all  the  virtue  was  extracted,  which  is 
yielded  to  that  menstruum.  The  same  leaves  were  then 
infused  in  proof  spirits,  a  little  below  the  boiling  tempera- 
ture, for  two  hours :  when  filtrated  the  fluid  showed  the 
presence  of  a  small  portion  of  colouring  matter,  but  it  indi- 
cated no  other  sensible  property  of  the  plant. 

Experiment  VII. 

The  aqueous  decoction  of  the  last  experiment  was  treated 
with  a  solution  of  Animal    Gelatin,    until  there  ceased 


15 

to  be  a  precipitate  ;  after  percolation,  the  fluid  was  nearly 
colourless,  and  imparted  but  little  astringency  to  the  taste. 
Half  of  this  filtrated  decoction  was  evaporated.  It  yielded 
a  dark-coloured  extract,  which  only  resembled  that  obtain- 
ed in  the  first  experiment,  by  being  bitter  to  the  taste. 

The  remaining  portion  of  the  fluid  was  subjected  to  the 
following    tests : 

a  The  Muriate  of  Tin,  which  caused  a  yellowish  pre- 
cipitate. 

b  The  Sulphate  of  Alumine  gave  a  brown  precipi- 
tate. 

c  There  was  an  immediate  change  to  a  dark  colour, 
by  the  Sulphate  and  the  Muriate  of  Iron;  and  after  stand, 
ing  some  time,  there  was  a  copious  dark  precipitate. 

d  With  a  solution  of  the  Acetate  of  Lead,  no  imme- 
diate change  was  induced;  but  the  fluid  soon  became  thickly 
interspersed  with  delicate  yellow  flakes. 

e  When  the  Nitrate  of  Silver  was  added,  there  en- 
sued a  flocculent  fawn-coloured  precipitate ;  and  after 
standing,  the  supernatant  liquor  became  darker  than  the 
precipitate. 

Inferences  deduced  from  the  foregoing  Experiments, 

I.  From  this  experiment,  we  learn  that  every  part  of  the 
plant  possesses  medicinal  properties,  in  a  greater  or  less 
degree,  and  that  they  are  all  readily  yielded  to  water. 

The  roots  afford  a  very  pleasant  extract,  but  in  a  smaller 
proportion  than  either  the  stems  or  leaves  ;  the  quantity 
varying  probably  according  to  the  season  of  the  year  in 
which  they  are  taken  from  the  ground. 

This  extract  seems  to  possess  some  advantage  over  that 
from  the  other  parts  of  the  plant,  inasmuch  as  it  is  a  little 
aromatic,  and  therefore  better  fitted  for  cases  of  great 
irritability  of  the  stomach;  a  symptom  sometimes  of  no 
small  importance  in  the  diseases  of  children  in  which  as- 
tringents are  indicated. 


16 

The  extract  from  the  stalks  has  no  superiority  over  that 
from  the  leaves,  and  as  the  quantity  obtained  from  them 
is  comparatively  small,  this  preparation  is  considered  as  un- 
worthy of  particular  remark. 

In  the  leaves  were  found,  in  great  abundance,  the  most 
active  properties  of  the  plant ;  they  yielded  to  a  watery 
decoction,  a  mild  and  pleasant  bitter,  and  an  active  astrin- 
gent. If  the  decoction  be  evaporated,  these  principles 
are  obtained  in  a  solid  extract,  equal  in  weight  to  one-fifth 
of  the  leaves  in  a  dried  state. 

II.  This  experiment  shows  that  the  Spiraea  yields  its 
virtues  but  sparingly  to  Alcohol.  The  admixture  of  water 
with  the  several  alcoholic  tinctures,  inducing  no  change, 
proves  the  absence  of  any  resinous  principle. 

III.  The  copious  insoluble  precipitate  which  took  place, 
in  this  experiment,  on  the  addition  of  Animal  Gelatin,  (a) 
demonstrates  the  presence  of  a  large  proportion  of  Tannin* 

From  the  brown  precipitate  with  the  Nitrate  of  Silver,  (d) 
and  the  dark  colour  given  by  the  Salts  of  Iron,  (f)  we  in- 
fer the  presence  of  the  Gallic  Acid,  which  appears  in  a 
combined  state,  as  shown  by  the  test  /. 

A  considerable  portion  of  the  extractive  principle  re- 
sides in  the  leaves,  as  indicated  by  the  tests  b  and  e. 

This  plant  appears  to  afford  no  Gum  or  Mucilage  ;  other- 
wise, they  would  have  been  pointed  out  by  the  tests  i  and  k. 

IV.  It  appears,  from  this  experiment,  that  all  the  proxi- 
mate principles  of  the  Spiraea  tomentosa  are  obtained  by 
simple  watery  infusion,  as  proved  by  the  several  re-agents  ; 
but  though  the  comparative  quantities  of  Tannin  in  the 
infusion  and  decoction  were  not  particularly  noticed,  the 
probability  is,  that  it  is  less  in  the  former  than  in  the 
latter,  for  the  extract  from  the  infusion  was  obviously 
more  bitter  and  less  astringent  to  the  taste,  than  that  pro- 
cured from   the  decoction. 

V.  This  experiment  shows  that  the  flowers  and  fruit  are 
only  valuable  in  common  with  other  parts  of  the  plant. 


17 

VI.  All  the  virtues  of  the  plant  are  yielded  to  water, 
and  therefore  this  is  its  proper  menstruum. 

VII.  In  this  experiment  we  find,  that  after  all  the  Tan- 
nin is  separated  by  animal  gelatin,  there  remained  a  con- 
siderable proportion  of  bitter  extractive  matter  combined 
with  gallic  acid.  The  former  of  these  is  indicated  by  the 
tests  a  and  b,  and  the  latter  clearly  proved  by  c  d  and 
e.  It  appears  also  from  this  experiment,  that  the  astrin- 
gent property  of  the  plant  resides  principally  in  the  Tan- 
nin. 

MEDICINAL  VIRTUES. 

The  use  of  the  Spirasa  as  a  medicine,  as  far  as  I  have 
been  able  to  extend  my  inquiries,  is  but  little  known,  and 
I  believe  no  mention  has  been  made  of  it  as  such  by  any 
writer.     It  is  surprising  that  a  plant  peculiar  to  our  own 
country,  so    abundant,    and  truly  medicinal,  should  have 
remained  thus  long  unnoticed  by  most  American  practition- 
ers.    The  particular  history  connected  with  its  first  intro- 
duction into  practice,    I  have  not  been  able  to  learn ;  its 
use  has  been,  I  believe,  principally  confined  to  a  small  dis- 
trict in  Connecticut ;   and  for  some  years  it  has  been  pre- 
scribed as  a  valuable  medicine  by  the  most   respectable 
physicians  of  New-Haven,  Hartford,  and   Middletown. — 
ProfessorlvES  haslongconsidered  itas  one  ofour  most  valua- 
ble domestic  remedies,  and  in  many  cases  prefers  it  to  others, 
belonging  to  the  same  class.     The  high  opinion  which  he 
entertains  of  this  article,  is  expressed  in  the  following  quo- 
tation from  his  letter  in  answer  to  one  in  which  I  request- 
ed a  detail  of  cases  ;  "  Singular  as  it  may  appear,  I  have  no 
cases,  nor  could  my  medical  friends  who  are  in  the  habit  of 
using  this  article,  (the  Spirasa  tomentosa,)  furnish  me  with 
any.     It  would  be  as  difficult  for  me  to  give  cases  of  ^the 
use  of  the  Spiraea  as  of  Catechu  or  Kino  : — The  general 
indication  of  the  article  at  this  time  only  employs  our  at- 
tention." 

3 


18 

On  the  subject  of  the  early  use  of  this  plant,  Dr.  Tclly 
of  Middletown,  remarks,  "  I  have  been  in  the  habit  of 
using  the  Spiraea  tomentosa  more  or  less  ever  since  I  com- 
menced the  practice  of  Physic,  which  was  in  the  year  1811. 
I  first  learned  its  use  from  Drs.  Cogswell  and  Strong,  of 
Hartford,  who  adopted  it  from  its  popular  reputation. " 
Every  part  of  the  S.  tomentosa  is  medicinal,  but  the 
leaves,  as  has  been  shown,  are  most  worthy  of  notice.  The 
plant  should  be  gathered  about  the  third  week  in  August, 
during  the  vigour  of  its  fructification.  The  leaves  may  be 
preserved  in  a  dried  state,  and  used  in  decoction  or  infu- 
sion, or  an  extract  can  be  easily  made  by  boiling  any  quan- 
tity of  them  in  water,  and  straining  and  evaporating  the 
liquor.  The  evaporation  may  be  conducted  by  boiling 
over  a  slow  fire,  or  in  a  sand  bath,  till  the  liquor  becomes  a 
little  inspissated  ;  after  which  it  is  better  to  complete  it  in 
the  sun. 

This  extract  undergoes  no  change  from  keeping,  and  is 
generally  the  most  eligible  form  for  exhibition.  The  me- 
dium doses  of  these  preparations  are  from  four  to  six  grains 
of  the  extract,  repeated  as  the  nature  of  the  case  may  de- 
mand; from  one  ounce  to  an  ounce  and  an  half  of  the  strong 
decoction,  and  of  the  infusion,  which  makes  a  pleasant  tea, 
the  patient  may  drink  ad  libitum. 

I  have  said  that  the  S.  tomentosa  belongs  to  the  class  of 
astringents,  and  from  its  sensible  properties  and  its  effects 
upon  the  system,  as  well  as  from  the  foregoing  analysis,  it 
has  unquestionably  high  claims  to  that  rank  as  a  medicine. 
Observation  has  not  enabled  me  to  define  precisely  the  pe- 
culiar virtues  of  this  article,  so  that  I  shall  not  attempt  to 
point  out  every  disease  in  which  it  may  be  advantageously 
used ;  but  from  the  very  respectable  testimony  which  will  be 
introduced  in  addition  to  my  own  knowledge  of  its  effects, 
I  have  much  confidence  in  commending  it  generally  as  an 
active  astringent,  a  mild  tonic,  and,  in  moderate  doses,  a  me- 
dicine that  will  seldom  or  never  disagree  with  the  stomach. — 


19 

It  will  be  perceived,  therefore,  that  it  maybe  very  properly 
administered  in  some  one  of  the  following  diseases,  when 
they  are  unconnected  with  symptoms  of  fever ;  and  that 
it  is  particularly  indicated  in  such  forms  of  them,  as  are 
accompanied  with  local  or  general  debility. — The  Spiraea 
has  been  prescribed  with  much  benefit  in  the  secondary 
stages  of  diarrhoea,  and  dysentery,  in  cholera  infantum, 
and  other  bowel  complaints  of  children.  The  efficacy  of 
this  remedy  in  some  forms  of  these  diseases,  has  been  in- 
creased by  combining  with  it  small  portions  of  Ipecacuan- 
ha. In  diarrhoea  originating  in  warm  climates,  the  Spiraea 
has  been  given  with  obvious  and  complete  success.  I  can 
speak  of  its  efficacy  in  the  case  of  a  gentleman,  who  arri- 
ved in  our  city  during  the  last  summer,  after  spending  some 
time  in  a  southern  climate.  He  was  afflicted  with  a  trouble- 
some diarrhoea,  notwithstanding  the  use  of  remedies  or- 
dinarily prescribed  in  such  complaints.  I  directed  him  the 
extract  in  doses  of  six  grains  ;  under  the  operation  of  this 
medicine,  he  was  suddenly  and  permanently  restored  to 
health. 
"  I  have  used,"  says  Professor  Ives,  "with  obvious  benefit, 
the  extract  of  Spiraea  in  cases  of  diarrhoea  originating  in 
hot  climates,  combined  with  opium,  in  doses  of  from  two  to 
four  grains.  I  have  likewise  used  the  entire  plant  in  de- 
coction, in  cases  of  diarrhoea  and  dysentery.  I  have 
more  generally  used  the  extract,  it  being  a  more  conve- 
nient form.  To  young  children  with  cholera  infantum,  and 
other  bowel  complaints,  in  which  astringents  are  indica- 
ted, I  prefer  the  extract  of  Spiraea  to  other  astringents, 
giving  it  in  solution  in  water.  In  slight  cases  of  dysentery 
without  fever,  this  article  has  been  used  with  success." 

On  the  medicinal  powers  of  the  Spiraea,  I  have  the  follow- 
ing from  Dr.  Tully. 

"  The   cases     in   which    I  have    found   the    greatest 
benefit  from   Spiraea,  are  the  chronic  diarrhoea  of  seamen, 


20 

which  is  contracted  in  tropical  climates,  or  is  the  sequel  of 
some  acute  disease  ;  the  secondary  stages  of  diarrhoea  and 
dysentery  of  our  own  climate  ;  the  secondary  stages  of 
cholera  infantum  in  children  that  have  arrived  at  such  an 
age,  as  to  be  able  to  take  a  bulky  medicine  ;  and  likewise 
in  apthae  and  ulcuscula-oris.  I  have  likewise  used  it  with 
occasional  success  in  several  diseases  of  the  urinary  or- 
gans, such  as  Gravel  and  Hematuria.  In  bowel  com- 
plaints, as  a  general  rule,  I  prefer  the  extract  to  the  decoc- 
tion. In  these  cases  I  have  frequently  given  to  an  adult 
two  common  sized  pills  every  two  hours,  which  I  consider 
a  suitable  quantity.  The  decoction  I  make  as  strong  as 
can  be  conveniently  taken,  and  give  from  an  ounce  to  two 
ounces,  with  the  same  frequency ;  but  circumstances  vary 
the  doses.  As  a  general  rule,  it  produces  no  operative 
effects  that  prevent  free  use,  or  require  great  nicety  of 
weight  or  measure  in  its  preparation  or  administration. 
But  after  all  I  have  more  commonly  used  it  as  an  adjuvant 
to  other  means,  than  as  a  principal  remedy.  I  am  deci- 
dedly of  the  opinion  that  its  efficacy  is  greater  in  compari- 
son with  other  articles  of  the  same  class,  then  the  intensity 
of  its  astringency  would  lead  us  to  suppose.  I  have  re- 
marked this  both  in  bowel  complaints  and  in  thrush,  &c. 

I  have  formerly  been  in  the  habit  of  using  extract  of 
Spiraea  to  give  consistency  to  pills  of  Acetate  of  Lead  and 
Opium,  for  Haemorrhages,  under  the  idea  that  it  increased 
the  efficacy  of  the  compound." 

As  a  local  application,  Dr.  Ives  of  this  city  has  used  the 
extract  in  solution  in  cases  of  gleet,  fluor  albus,  fungous  ul- 
cers, &c.  with  decided  benefit.  In  the  former  of  these 
diseases,  I  had  a  very  fair  opportunity  to  test  its  virtue  as 
an  astringent  in  the  case  of  a  young  man,  who  contracted 
gonorrhoea  for  the  first  time.  Previous  to  his  calling  upon 
me,  he  had  used  the  more  common  and  popular  remedies 
for  this   disorder,    without  permanent  benefit.       There 


21 

was  considerable  inflammation  at  the  time  I  first  saw  him, 
accompanied  with  chordee  ;  after  these  symptoms  were  in  a 
measure  relieved,  there  still  remained  a  very  trouble- 
some gleet.  I  then  prescribed  the  aqueous  solution  of  ex- 
tract of  Spiraea  by  injection;  this  was  used  four  or  five 
times  in  twenty -four  hours,  gradually  increasing  its  strength. 
After  the  first  day,  the  discharge  was  evidently  diminished  ; 
in  four  days  he  was  relieved  from  every  unpleasant  symp- 
tom ;  and  in  ten  days  he  left  the  city,  since  which  I  have 
not  heard  from  him. 

I  gave  some  of  the  extract  to  a  medical  friend,  who  used 
it  successfully  in  two  similar  cases.  In  cases  of  obstinate  and 
debilitating  discharges  in  puerperal  women ;  and  in  cases  of 
retained  placentae,  giving  rise  to  alarming  typhoid  symp- 
toms ;  attended  withj'colliquative  diarrhoea ;  and  when 
the  stomach  has  become  too  irritable  to  retain  other  me- 
dicines, the  Spiraea  has  had  the  most  happy  effect,  in  com- 
posing the  stomach,  in  restraining  preternatural  evacua- 
tions, and  in  giving  healthy  vigour  to  the  lax  state  of  the 
bowels.  In  these  cases  its  operation  is  certainly  more 
than  astringent. — The  two  following]  cases  are  interesting 
illustrations  of  its  efficacy.  For  the  first  I  am  indebted  to 
Dr.  Ives  of  New-Haven,  and  to  Dr.  Wood  of  this  city  for 
the  second. 

"  I  was  called  in  consultation  in  a  case  of  a  female  about 
two  months  after  parturition.  The  disease  was  not  att  end- 
ed with  much  fever,  but  loss  of  tone  of  the  stomach  and 
bowels.  The  evacuations  were  frequent.  The  common 
astringents,  (astringents  were  evidently  indicated,)  such  as 
Catechu,  Kino,  and  other  vegetable  astringents,  were  used, 
but  all  of  them  excited  vomiting  after  a  few  doses  had 
been  given.  I  recommended  the  extract  of  Spiraea  in 
doses  of  four  grains,  to  be  repeated  four  times  in  the  day. 
The  diarrhoea  was  speedily  checked,  and  the  patient  fast 
recovering.  The  attending  physician  omitted  the  Spiraea, 
and  commenced  the  use  of  other  astringents  with  no  better 


2:2 

success  than  at  first.  The  extract  of  Spiraa  was  given 
again,  and  others  omitted.  Under  the  use  of  this  article 
the  patient  was  soon  restored  to  health.  From  the  botani- 
cal affinities  of  the  S.  tomentosa,  from  its  operation  in 
this  and  other  cases,  I  was  led  to  the  conclusion,  that  in 
addition  to  its  astringent  properties,  it  possesses  the  power 
of  a  diaphoretic." 

"  I  used,"  says  Dr.  Wood,  "  the  extract  of  Spiraea  in  a  case 
of  miscarriage,  which  took  place  about  the  thi  rd  month  of  preg- 
nancy. The  foetus  was  expelled  without  much  pain,and  the  se- 
cundines  were  retained  from  four  to  five  weeks  after.  Fre- 
quent hemorrhages  took  place  during  this  time,which  togeth- 
er with  the  putrefaction  of  the  placenta,  so  much  exhausted 
the  patient  as  to  bring  on  a  diarrhoea,  with  other  symptoms 
of  hectic.  In  order  to  restrain  the  discharge  from  the  bowels, 
different  astringents  were  made  use  of. — The  patients 
stomach  having  become  irritable,  so  as  at  times  to  reject 
almost  every  thing.  The  exhibition  of  the  Spiraea  was 
suggested  by  Dr.  G.  Smith,  the  physician  in  consultation. 
The  extract  appeared  evidently  to  check  the  discharges 
from  the  bowels,  and  no  unpleasant  effects  were  produced 
by  the  medicine.  The  distressing  effects  which  opium 
produced  on  this  patient,  precluded  very  much  the  use  of 
it.  This  circumstance  rendered  it  more  particularly  desi- 
rable to  select  some  remedy,  which  might  produce  the  de- 
sired effect  without  deranging  the  stomach  ;  this  was  hap- 
pily accomplished  by  the  Spiraea  in  the  form  of  pills." 

This  remedy  will  be  found  particularly  valuable  in  cases 
of  diarrhoea  supervening  Typhus  fever,  and  may  be  pre- 
scribed in  such  graduated  doses,  as  shall  prevent  the  dis- 
charge from  exhausting  the  patient  too  much,  without  the 
danger  of  improperly  checking  critical  evacuations.  It  has 
likewise  removed  this  very  unpleasant  and  debilitating 
symptom  in  a  case   of  Phthisis  Pulmonalis,  and  thereby 

evidently  prolonged  the  lives   of  patients  labouring  under 
this  disease.     I   am  indebted  to    the  politeness   of   Dr. 


23 

Stearns,  one  of  the  Trustees  of  this  College,  for  the 
following  case,  which  is  much  in  point  upon  this  subject. 
"  The  extractof  S.  tomentosa,  with  which  you  sup- 
plied me,  I  used  in  a  case  of  Diarrhoea  from  Phthisis 
Pulmonalis;  although  I  was  not  prepared  to  expect  any 
permanent  benefit  from  any  medicine  in  that  case,  I  was 
however  perfectly  satisfied  with  its  efFects.  It  was  a 
case  of  extreme  debility  in  the  vascular  system,  unac- 
companied by  any  symptoms  of  inflammation  or  fe- 
brile action,  with  an  universal  torpor  of  the  Liver  and  a 
suppressed  state  of  its  secretions.  By  the  previous  use  of 
calomel  and  other  medicines,  the  Liver  had  been  excited 
and  the  secretion  of  bile  restored  in  such  profusion,  as  to 
stimulate  the  intestines  into  preternatural  action.  An  ob- 
stinate diarrhoea  ensued,  which  ordinary  remedies  proved 
insufficient  to  restrain.  I  then  submitted  the  Spiraea. 
Two  pills  of  the  extract  were  given  every  four  hours. — In 
four  days  the  frequency  of  the  discharges  was  considerably 
diminished,  and  in  a  week  they  became  regular  and  natu- 
ral. The  violent  tendency  to  diarrhoea  from  this  time  was 
evidently  subdued,  for  though  it  not  unfrequently  recurred, 
it  was  always  immediately  restrained.  Although  this  did  not 
prevent  the  fatal  termination  of  the  Phthisis,  the  primary 
disease,  there  is  much  reason  to  believe  that  it  contributed 
much  to  retard  that  event,  and  conduced  to  the  comfort  of 
the  patient,by  removing  a  very  troublesome  and  debilitating 
symptom.'' 

1  know  not  that  the  Spiraea  has  been  much  prescribed  in 
uterine  haemorrhage,  but  from  its  analogy  to  other  efficient 
remedies  in  that  complaint,  and  also  from  the  testimony  in 
the  following  extract  of  a  letter  favoured  me  by  Dr.  Eaton 
of  Brookfield,  Massachusetts,  I  am  led  to  believe  that  it 
will  prove  a  valuable  astringent  in  such  troublesome  and 
often  dangerous  cases. 

"  1  have  used"  says  the  Doctor,  "  the  extract  of  Spiraea 
with    which  you    favoured  me,   in  several  cases,  and  arn 


24 

pleased  with  its  operation.  I  have  prescribed  it  one  case 
of  uterine  haemorrhage  successfully,  after  other  remedies 
had  failed." 

In  further  testimony  of  the  medicinal  virtues  of  this 
article,  I  subjoin  the  following  communication  from  Dr. 
A.  W.  Ives,  of  New-York. 

"  I  began  to  use  the  Spiraea  tomentosa  about  two  years 
ago,  since  which  I  have  had  frequent  occasion  to  prescribe 
it  as  an  astringent.     From  its  sensible  properties,  I  was  led 
to  believe  that  the  Spiraea  possessed  more  virtues  as   a 
tonic,  than  most  vegetable  astringents  ;  and  this  opinion  was 
soon  strengthened  by  the  exhibition  of  it  to  my  own  child, 
in  the  early  stage  of  Cholera,  when  there  existed  consider- 
able febrile  action.  The  symptoms  of  fever  wereincreasedT 
and  I  imputed  it  to  the   operation  of  the  Spiraea.     Since 
that  I  have  prescribed  it  only  in  those  forms  of  disease  in 
which  tonics  as  well  as  astringents  were  indicated.    Under 
such   circumstances,  I  have  found  it  an  efficient  and  valu- 
able medicine, — indeed  I  know  not  that  it  has  failed  under 
my  direction  in  any  instance  of  producing  a  salutary  effect. 
In  a  few   instances,  it  appeared  to  be  efficacious,   when 
the  ordinary   means  had  failed.      These    were  cases  of 
chronic  diarrhoea  with  general  and  local  debility.     A  lady 
who  for  years  had  been  subject  to  frequent  attacks  of  that 
disease,  was   directed  five  grains  of  the  extract  of  Spiraea 
three  times  a  day.     She  had  previously  taken,  with  but 
little  or  no  benefit,  acids,  alkalies,  and  astringents  in  various 
forms,  besides  resorting  frequently,  for  temporary  relief,  to 
laudanum  and  other  astringent  injections.     I  was  surprised 
to  learn   that   the  disease  was  suspended  by  a  few  doses 
of  the  extract ;  and  the  lady  informed  me  but  a  few  days 
since,  that  although  it  occasionally  returned  during  the  last 
winter  (which  she  spent  in  Georgia,)  it  was  subject  to  an 
immediate  and  complete  controul  by  the  Spiraea. 

I  have  used  this  remedy  uncombined  with  other  medi- 
cines sufficiently  to  convince  me  of  its  astringent  and  tonic 


powers,  though  in  a  few  cases  I  have  united  it  with  ipecac- 
uanha.  As  in  diarrhoea,  a  dryness  of  the  surface  is  gene- 
rally an  important  feature  of  the  disease,  I  am  of  opinion 
that  the  foregoing  combination,  after  suitable  evacuations} 
will  be  found  one  of  the  most  eligible  prescription  in  that 
complaint. 

I  have  never  prescribed  any  preparations  of  the  Spiraea 
internally,  but  the  solid  extract.     I  have  given  from  one  to 
five  grains  of  it  at  a  dose,  according  to  the  age  of  the  pa- 
tient.    As  a  lotion,  I  have  often  used  the  extract  in  solu- 
tion, and  I  think  it  one  of  the  most  convenient  and  efficient 
which  can  be  prepared  from  the  vegetable  kingdom.  As  an 
application    to  ulcers  with  weak  granulations  of  luxuriant 
growth,   and  as  an  injection  in  Fluor  Albus  and  gleet  de- 
pending on  great  relaxation,  1  have  found  it  highly  useful." 
The  medicines  already  in  general  use  possessing  proper- 
ties the  most  analogous  to  that  of  the  Spiraea,  are  Kino  and 
Catechu  ;  but  the  Spiraea  must   be  regarded  in  many  re- 
spects, equal,  if  not  superior,  to  either  of  them.  It  can  be 
procured  at  less  expense  ;  an  equal  quantity  of  the  extract 
possesses  more   virtue  as  an  astringent ;  all  its  properties 
are  soluble  in  water.     It  is  equally  pleasant  to  the  taste  ;  it 
never  disagrees  with  the  stomach,  and  what  is  of  still  great- 
er importance,  it  may  always  be  obtained  free  from  adulte- 
ration. Whereas  of  the  Catechu,  it  was  justly  remarked  by 
Dr.  Cullen,  "  We  never  get  it  pure,  and  this  should  lead  us 
to  endeavour  to  find  for  it  a  substitute  of  our  own  growth.'' 

After  the  foregoing  had  been  sent  to  the  press,  I  was  favoured  with 
an  interesting  communication  from  Dr.  Mason  F.  Cogswell  of  Hart- 
ford, Connecticut.  It  contains  facts  so  important  in  connexion  with 
the  subject  of  this  Essay,  and  more  particularly  the  circumstances  in 
relationto  its  first  introduction,that  I  shall  take  the  liberty  of  subjoining 
it  at  length. 

"  I  most  cheerfully  comply  with  your  request  respecting  a  medi- 
cine, which  I  consider  a  valuable  addition  to  the  Materia  Medica. 
About  12  years  since,  I  was  called  into  a  neighbouring  town  to  con- 
sult with  one  of  my  brethren,  in  a  case  of  a  lad  10  or  12  years  of 
age,  who  was  sinking  under  an  obstinate  diarrhoea,  the  consequence  of 
a  malignant  dysentery.   After  examining  the  patient,  we  walked  into 


26 

the  lots,  the  father  accompanying  us ;  while  conversing  on  the  subject, 
he  plucked  a  branch  of  the  Spiraa,  which  was  then  in  blossom,  and 
inquired  if  we  knew  what  it  was  ?  He  of  course  received  a  negative 
answer,  as  neither  of  us  had  noticed  it  before ;  on  tasting  it,  its  sensi- 
ble qualities  were  such,  as  to  induce  me  to  propose  the  exhibition  of  it 
to  our  patient ;  my  proposition  was  readily  assented  to,  and  he  re- 
covered without  the  aid  of  any  other  medicine.  Pleased  with  its 
effects  in  this  case,  I  determined  to  give  it  a  fair  trial  in  other  cases,  as 
soon  as  opportunities  offered  ;  accordingly,  I  gathered  a  considerable 
quantity,  and  very  soon  had  an  opportunity  of  testing  its  efficacy.  In 
the  succeeding  fall  we  had  more  of  cholera  infantum  than  usual.  Dr. 
Strong  and  myself  used  it  freely,  and  on  the  whole,  were  better  satis- 
fied with  its  effect  than  with  those  of  any  other  remedy  we  had  ever 
used.  Dr.  Strong  made  an  extract  from  the  leaves,  which.by  the  way* 
they  yield  abundantly,  and  to  which  he  is  partial,  having  used  it  much 
more  than  I  have.  I  have  used  it  sufficiently,  however,  to  be  satisfied 
with  its  efficacy.  I  gave  a  small  quantity  of  it  to  Professor  Ives,  who 
was  much  pleased  with  its  use ;  of  this,  however,  he  has  probably  in- 
formed you  himself.  It  was  some  time  before  I  found  what  the  plant 
was  ;  and  if  Dr.  Tully  first  learned  its  virtues  from  me,  I  was  indebted 
to  him  for  its  Botanical  history. 

The  account  which  I  received  from  Mr.  Butler,  the  parent  of  the 
patient,  in  whose  case  I  first  used  it,  was,  that  he  had  traced  it  to  a 
Mohegan  Indian  ;  a  source  from  whence  most  of  our  new  medicines 
are  traditionally  derived :  you  will,  of  course,  attach  to  it  as  much 
credit  as  it  deserves.  We  have  generally  given  it  to  children  in  the 
form  of  a  decoction,  by  boiling  it  in  milk  and  water,  and  sweetening 
it ;  in  this  way  it  forms  a  fine  balsamic  astringent,  which  is  very  effi- 
cacious* In  chronic  dirrahcea,  especially  in  adults,  the  extract  is  sin- 
gularly beneficial ;  in  short,  I  consider  the  plant  in  the  various  forms 
in  which  it  may  be  administered,  as  a  very  importantjaddition  to  our 
class  of  indigenous  astringent  medicines." 


EXPLANATION  OF  THE  PLATE, 

Figure  I. 
The  plant  reduced  to  one-fourth  its  natural  size. 

Figure  II. 
A  single  flower  of  the  natural  size. 

Figure  III. 
The  same  magnified  about  16  times. 

Figure  IV. 
Germen  and  Styles  magnified  to  the  same  size* 

Figure  V. 
The  five  united  capsules,         do.  do. 


COLUMBIA  UNIVERSITY 

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rangement with  the  Librarian  in  charge. 

DATE  BORROWED 

DATE  DUE 

DATE  BORROWED 

DATE  DUE 

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